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Contents : Author's personal copy 644 General Ecology Coevolution Kaly UL and Jones GP (1998) Mangrove restoration: A potential tool for coastal management in tropical developing countries. Ambio 27: 656 661. Leatherman SP (1982) Barrier Island Handbook. College Park MD: University of Maryland. Lewis RR (1982) Creation and Restoration of Coastal Plant Communities. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press. Minello TJ and Webb JW Jr. (1997) Use of natural and created Spartina alterniflora salt marshes by fishery species and other aquatic fauna in Galveston Bay Texas USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 151: 165 179. Mitsch WJ and Gosselink JG (2000) Wetlands. New York: Wiley. Roze F and Lemauviel S (2004) Sand dune restoration in North Brittany France: A 10-year monitoring study. Restoration Ecology 12: 29 35. Thayer GW (ed.) (1992) Restoring the Nation s Marine Environments. College Park MD: Maryland Sea Grant. Van der Muelen F Junerius PD and Visser JH (eds.) (1980) Perspectives in Coastal Dune Management. The Hague: SPB Academic Publishing. Weinstein MP and Kreeger DA (eds.) (2000) Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Woodhouse WW Jr. (1978) Dune Building and Stabilization with Vegetation. Special Report 3. Fort Belvoir Virginia: US Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center. Zedler JB (ed.) (2001) Handbook for Restoring Tidal Wetlands. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press. Coevolution R B Langerhans Harvard University Cambridge MA USA 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Introduction The Basics of Coevolution Coevolution Drives Diversification Further Reading Introduction coevolution goes far beyond the classic examples such as predator prey coevolutionary arms races figs and fig wasps yuccas and yucca moths ants and acacias and fungal farming by several taxa. Coevolution s influence spans all subdisciplines within ecology and evolutionary biology. Indeed a large extent of the historical and ongoing patterns of phenotypic evolution and species diversification is the product of coevolution. Coevolution can stem from numerous types of species interactions that are commonplace on this planet such as interspecific competition for resources predator prey interactions host parasite interactions plant herbivore interactions and flower pollinator interactions. Even the eukaryotic cell originated from a symbiotic relationship where one of the species evolved into the organelles we now call mitochondria. A similar scenario is responsible for the formation of chloroplasts and thus the origin of plants. Most vertebrate and invertebrate species rely heavily on coevolved symbionts residing within their digestive system or other special organs to allow proper digestion and growth. Coral reefs and the communities they support depend largely on coevolved symbioses between corals and zooanthellae as well as interactions with other corals and algae-feeding fish. The symbiotic organisms lichens are critically important during primary succession in terrestrial ecosystems. Even the colonization of land by plants was facilitated by mutualistic interactions with What Is Coevolution All organismal populations experience multiple selective pressures deriving from varied aspects of their environment. In addition to abiotic features (e.g. climate) this environment is often comprised of many other organisms. Thus most populations evolve in response to interactions with other species. While the abiotic components of the environment cannot evolve in response to organisms the biotic components can and this phenomenon has played an integral role in the evolution of phenotypic diversity. Coevolution is reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species driven by natural selection. That is each player in a coevolutionary relationship evolves adaptations in response to its interaction with the other player(s). Although this general concept has been around since Darwin the term coevolution was coined by Paul Ehrlich and Peter Raven in a classic article in 1964 Butterflies and plants: A study in coevolution. Since then the field of research examining coevolution has blossomed into a large-scale research program. The Broad Importance of Coevolution Coevolution is undisputed as one of the most important processes shaping biodiversity. The importance of Author's personal copy General Ecology Coevolution mycorrhizal fungi. Coevolution s influence is so far reaching that the history of life on Earth would be unrecognizable in the absence of it. Empirical Evidence for Coevolution Despite the widespread importance of coevolutionary interactions empirical demonstration of coevolution is a difficult task. This derives from the inherent difficulties of demonstrating adaptation much less reciprocal adaptation that has plagued evolutionary biology for many decades (see Adaptation) Nevertheless

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