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Contents : Sociology 3308: Sociology of Emotions Prof. J. S. Kenney Overheads Class 7-8: Social Models of Emotion 1: * The sociological view of emotion covers such topics as: - Emotional foundation of solidarity in social groups - Determination of emotions by outcomes of social interaction - Normative regulation of emotional expression/ management of emotional deviance - Socialization of emotions - Linkage of emotion to socially derived conceptions of identity and the self - Variation in emotional experience according to structural variations - Role of emotions in large-scale societal stability and change * Individual factors are seen as largely dependent on the social including: motives personality identity self selfesteem mind & emotion * Containment of the individual in the social matrix determines which emotions are likely to be expressed when and where on what grounds and for what reasons by what modes of expression and by whom. Social Relations and Emotions: *Theodore Kemper: power status and emotions: 1 - Power: relational condition where one compels another - Status: relational condition of voluntary compliance: one accords status through acts of recognition of the other s value * ATheoretically optimum dimensions@ supported empirically * Kemper proposes that a very large class of human emotions results from real anticipated imagined or recollected outcomes of social relations. - Any interaction may increase decrease or maintain the individual s power/status relative to the other & vice-versa - 12 possible outcomes only 4 of which will occur. - Emotions will ensue depending on the particular power/status outcomes & the attribution as to who is responsible (self other or a third party). Research illustrates: 1. Own power: -power increase leads to feelings of security -power decrease leads to feelings of fear/anxiety 2. Other s power: - increase in the other s power creates fear and anxiety - its decrease pumps up one s own sense of security. 3. Own status: - Deserved status increase satisfaction (pride 2 if agent/gratitude if 3rd party) - Increase beyond what was expected joy - Accept more status than deserved shame/embarrassment. - Decrease in status anger shame or depression (depends on agent) 4. Other s status: - Emotions depend on one s liking for the other. - If one likes the other their status increase satisfaction. -If one dislikes the other this leads to envy or jealousy. -If one likes the other their status decreases guilt shame or sorrow (depending on agency) - If one dislikes the other this results in satisfaction * Kemper s anticipatory emotions: 3 elements: - Past power/status experience - Optimism/pessimism - Confidence/lack of confidence * Give rise to 4 feelings: (1) Optimism + confidence serene confidence or happiness/contentment (2) Optimism + lack of confidence guarded optimism or anxiety (3) Pessimism + confidence grudging optimism or anxiety (4) Pessimism + lack of confidence hopelessness or 3 depression. * Kemper s socialization paradigm for guilt shame anxiety and depression: Punishment types + coping responses: (i) Power oriented (ii) Proportionality & (iii) Affectionoriented. * Kemper on love relations: - Confer extremely high status on another - Various types varying by who confers and power positions - Distinguished from liking (adequate status/little power differential) * Empirical tests promising Interaction-Ritual Chains: Making Social Class: * Social cohesion and Emotion: - Not simply coercion or self interest - Durkheim: shared emotion in ritual - Goffmann: self as ritual object * Randall Collins: Interaction ritual chains and emotional energy link micro-macro levels. * Three elements required: 4 1. Common object of ritual interest 2. A common emotion is engendered by activities 3. A feeling of solidarity with other members. * Optimum interactions: all members gain emotional energy * More frequently some people come away with surplus emotional energy while others experience a deficit. Differentiated by power & status * Power rituals: order givers & order takers/gain vs. loss in emotional energy adds up to stratification * Status Rituals: center vs. periphery: gain vs. loss of emotional energy * Power & status constitute a grid of social relations that underlie all interactions providing the individual with greater or lesser amounts of emotional resources of a relatively stable nature Shame and Social Order: * Charles Horton Cooley: looking glass self pride and shame * Thomas Scheff: emotional theory of social control: focus on pride & shame * Overt vs. bypassed shame (former noticeable/latter obsessive). * Shame spirals problematic * Practical consequences in education and psychotherapy 5

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